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    Inverse Cosine

    Plots

    Alternate forms

    1/2 (π - 2 sin^(-1)(x))

    π/2 + i log(sqrt(1 - x^2) + i x)

    Root

    x = 1

    Properties as a real function

    {x element R : -1<=x<=1}

    {y element R : 0<=y<=π}

    injective (one-to-one)

    Series expansion at x = -1

    π - sqrt(2) sqrt(x + 1) - (x + 1)^(3/2)/(6 sqrt(2)) - (3 (x + 1)^(5/2))/(80 sqrt(2)) - (5 (x + 1)^(7/2))/(448 sqrt(2)) - (35 (x + 1)^(9/2))/(9216 sqrt(2)) + O((x + 1)^5) (Puiseux series)

    Series expansion at x = 0

    π/2 - x - x^3/6 - (3 x^5)/40 + O(x^6) (Taylor series)

    Series expansion at x = 1

    (sqrt(2) sqrt(1 - x) sqrt(x - 1))/sqrt(x - 1) - (sqrt(1 - x) (x - 1)^(3/2))/(6 (sqrt(2) sqrt(x - 1))) + (3 sqrt(1 - x) (x - 1)^(5/2))/(80 sqrt(2) sqrt(x - 1)) - (5 sqrt(1 - x) (x - 1)^(7/2))/(448 (sqrt(2) sqrt(x - 1))) + (35 sqrt(1 - x) (x - 1)^(9/2))/(9216 sqrt(2) sqrt(x - 1)) + O((x - 1)^(11/2)) (generalized Puiseux series)

    Derivative

    d/dx(cos^(-1)(x)) = -1/sqrt(1 - x^2)

    Indefinite integral

    integral cos^(-1)(x) dx = x cos^(-1)(x) - sqrt(1 - x^2) + constant

    Global minimum

    min{cos^(-1)(x)} = 0 at x = 1

    Global maximum

    max{cos^(-1)(x)} = π at x = -1

    Alternative representations

    cos^(-1)(x) = cd^(-1)(x|0)

    cos^(-1)(x) = cn^(-1)(x|0)

    cos^(-1)(x) = sec^(-1)(1/x)

    Definite integrals

    integral_0^1 cos^(-1)(x) dx≈1.00000000000...

    integral_(-1)^0 cos^(-1)(x) dx≈2.14159...

    Series representations

    cos^(-1)(x) = π/2 - sum_(k=0)^∞ (x^(1 + 2 k) (1/2)_k)/(k! + 2 k k!) for abs(x)<1

    cos^(-1)(x) = sqrt(2 - 2 x) sum_(k=0)^∞ (2^(-k) (1 - x)^k (1/2)_k)/(k! + 2 k k!) for abs(-1 + x)<2

    cos^(-1)(x) = π - sqrt(2) sqrt(1 + x) sum_(k=0)^∞ (2^(-k) (1 + x)^k (1/2)_k)/(k! + 2 k k!) for abs(1 + x)<2

    Integral representations

    cos^(-1)(x) = integral_x^1 1/sqrt(1 - t^2) dt

    cos^(-1)(x) = π/2 + (i x)/(4 π^(3/2)) integral_(-i ∞ + γ)^(i ∞ + γ) (1 - x^2)^(-s) Γ(1/2 - s)^2 Γ(s) Γ(1/2 + s) ds for (0<γ<1/2 and abs(arg(1 - x^2))<π)

    cos^(-1)(x) = π/2 + (i x)/(4 π^(3/2)) integral_(-i ∞ + γ)^(i ∞ + γ) ((-x^2)^(-s) Γ(1/2 - s)^2 Γ(s))/Γ(3/2 - s) ds for (0<γ<1/2 and abs(arg(-x^2))<π)

    Continued fraction representation

    cos^(-1)(x) = π/2 - (x sqrt(1 - x^2))/(1 + Κ_(k=1)^∞ (-2 x^2 floor((1 + k)/2) (-1 + 2 floor((1 + k)/2)))/(1 + 2 k)) = π/2 - (x sqrt(1 - x^2))/(1 + -(2 x^2)/(3 - (2 x^2)/(5 - (12 x^2)/(7 - (12 x^2)/(9 + ...))))) for (x not element R or ((not 1<=x<∞) and (not -∞