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    Inverse Secant

    Plots

    Alternate forms

    cos^(-1)(1/x)

    1/2 (π - 2 sin^(-1)(1/x))

    π/2 + i log(sqrt(1 - 1/x^2) + i/x)

    Root

    x = 1

    Properties as a real function

    {x element R : x<=-1 or x>=1}

    {y element R : 0<=y<π/2 or π/2

    injective (one-to-one)

    Series expansion at x = -1

    π + (-sqrt(2) sqrt(x + 1) - (5 (x + 1)^(3/2))/(6 sqrt(2)) - (43 (x + 1)^(5/2))/(80 sqrt(2)) - (177 (x + 1)^(7/2))/(448 sqrt(2)) - (2867 (x + 1)^(9/2))/(9216 sqrt(2)) + O((x + 1)^(11/2))) (-1)^floor(-(arg(1/x) + arg(x + 1) - π)/(2 π)) i^(2 floor(arg(1 + 1/x)/(2 π)) + 1)

    Series expansion at x = 0

    1/2 (sqrt(-1/x^2) x log(-4/x^2) + π) - 1/4 (sqrt(-1/x^2) x) x^2 - 3/32 (sqrt(-1/x^2) x) x^4 + O(x^6) (generalized Puiseux series)

    Series expansion at x = 1

    sqrt(2) sqrt(x - 1) - (5 (x - 1)^(3/2))/(6 sqrt(2)) + (43 (x - 1)^(5/2))/(80 sqrt(2)) - (177 (x - 1)^(7/2))/(448 sqrt(2)) + (2867 (x - 1)^(9/2))/(9216 sqrt(2)) + O((x - 1)^(11/2)) (Puiseux series)

    Series expansion at x = ∞

    π/2 - 1/x - 1/(6 x^3) - 3/(40 x^5) + O((1/x)^6) (Laurent series)

    Derivative

    d/dx(sec^(-1)(x)) = 1/(sqrt(1 - 1/x^2) x^2)

    Indefinite integral

    integral sec^(-1)(x) dx = x sec^(-1)(x) - (sqrt(1 - 1/x^2) x log(sqrt(x^2 - 1) + x))/sqrt(x^2 - 1) + constant (assuming a complex-valued logarithm)

    Global minimum

    min{sec^(-1)(x)} = 0 at x = 1

    Global maximum

    max{sec^(-1)(x)} = π at x = -1

    Limit

    lim_(x-> ± ∞) sec^(-1)(x) = π/2≈1.5708

    Alternative representations

    sec^(-1)(x) = dc^(-1)(x|0)

    sec^(-1)(x) = nc^(-1)(x|0)

    sec^(-1)(x) = cos^(-1)(1/x)

    Definite integrals

    integral_0^1 sec^(-1)(x) dx≈-1.5707963268...

    integral_(-1)^0 sec^(-1)(x) dx≈4.7123889804...

    Series representations

    sec^(-1)(x) = π/2 - sum_(k=0)^∞ (x^(-1 - 2 k) (1/2)_k)/(k! + 2 k k!) for abs(x)<1

    sec^(-1)(x) = 2 sqrt(-1 + x) sum_(k=0)^∞ ((-1)^k (-1 + x)^k 2F1(1/2, 3/2 + k, 3/2, -1) (1/2)_k)/(k!) for abs(-1 + x)<1

    sec^(-1)(x) = π - 2 sqrt(-1 - x) sum_(k=0)^∞ ((1 + x)^k 2F1(1/2, 3/2 + k, 3/2, -1) (1/2)_k)/(k!) for abs(1 + x)<1

    Integral representations

    sec^(-1)(x) = integral_1^x 1/(t sqrt(-1 + t^2)) dt for Re(x)>0

    sec^(-1)(x) = integral_1^x 1/(sqrt(1 - 1/t^2) t^2) dt for (x not element R or ((not 1<=x<∞) and (not -∞

    sec^(-1)(x) = π/2 + i/(4 π^(3/2) x) integral_(-i ∞ + γ)^(i ∞ + γ) (1 - 1/x^2)^(-s) Γ(1/2 - s)^2 Γ(s) Γ(1/2 + s) ds for (0<γ<1/2 and abs(arg(1 - 1/x^2))<π)

    sec^(-1)(x) = π/2 + i/(4 π^(3/2) x) integral_(-i ∞ + γ)^(i ∞ + γ) ((-1/x^2)^(-s) Γ(1/2 - s)^2 Γ(s))/Γ(3/2 - s) ds for (0<γ<1/2 and abs(arg(-1/x^2))<π)

    Continued fraction representation

    sec^(-1)(x) = π/2 - sqrt(1 - 1/x^2)/(x (1 + Κ_(k=1)^∞ (-(2 floor((1 + k)/2) (-1 + 2 floor((1 + k)/2)))/x^2)/(1 + 2 k))) = π/2 - sqrt(1 - 1/x^2)/(x (1 + -2/((3 - 2/((5 - 12/((7 - 12/((9 + ...) x^2)) x^2)) x^2)) x^2))) for (not (x element R and -1<=x<=1))