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    Cotangent

    Plot

    Alternate form assuming x is real

    -sin(2 x)/(cos(2 x) - 1)

    Alternate form

    cos(x)/sin(x)

    -(i (e^(-i x) + e^(i x)))/(e^(-i x) - e^(i x))

    Roots

    x = 1/2 (2 π n + π), n element Z

    Properties as a real function

    {x element R : x/π not element Z}

    R (all real numbers)

    periodic in x with period π

    surjective onto R

    odd

    Series expansion at x = 0

    1/x - x/3 - x^3/45 - (2 x^5)/945 + O(x^6) (Laurent series)

    Derivative

    d/dx(cot(x)) = -csc^2(x)

    Indefinite integral

    integral cot(x) dx = log(sin(x)) + constant (assuming a complex-valued logarithm)

    Identities

    cot(x) = cot(m π + x) for m element Z

    cot(x) = cot(2 x) + csc(2 x)

    cot(x) = (1 + cos(2 x)) csc(2 x)

    cot(x) = 1/2 (cot(x/2) - tan(x/2))

    cot(x) = 1/2 (-1 + cot^2(x)) tan(2 x)

    cot(x) = sin(2 x)/(1 - cos(2 x))

    cot(x) = csc(x) sec(x) - tan(x)

    cot(x) = 1/2 (-1 + cot^2(x/2)) tan(x/2)

    Alternative representation

    cot(x) = 1/tan(x)

    cot(x) = i coth(i x)

    cot(x) = -i coth(-i x)

    Definite integral over a half-period

    integral_0^π cot(x) dx≈750....

    Series representation

    cot(x) = -i - 2 i sum_(k=1)^∞ q^(2 k) for q = e^(i x)

    cot(x) = -i sum_(k=-∞)^∞ e^(2 i k x) sgn(k)

    cot(x) = i + 2 i sum_(k=0)^∞ e^(-2 i (1 + k) x) for Im(x)<0

    Integral representation

    cot(x) = - integral_(π/2)^x csc^2(t) dt

    cot(x) = 2/π integral_0^∞ (-1 + t^(1 - (2 x)/π))/(-1 + t^2) dt for 0

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