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Exponential Function
Result
e^x
Plot
Roots
(no roots exist)
Properties as a real function
R (all real numbers)
{y element R : y>0} (all positive real numbers)
injective (one-to-one)
Periodicity
periodic in x with period 2 i π
Series expansion at x = 0
1 + x + x^2/2 + x^3/6 + x^4/24 + O(x^5) (Taylor series)
Derivative
d/dx(exp(x)) = e^x
Indefinite integral
integral e^x dx = e^x + constant
Limit
lim_(x->-∞) e^x = 0
Alternative representation
e^x = z^x for z = e
e^x = w^a for a = x/log(w)
e^x = 1 + 2/(-1 + coth(x/2))
Series representation
e^x = sum_(k=0)^∞ x^k/(k!)
e^x = sum_(k=-∞)^∞ I_k(x)
e^x = sum_(k=0)^∞ (x^(-1 + 2 k) (2 k + x))/((2 k)!)
Definite integral
integral_(-∞)^0 e^x dx = 1
Definite integral over a half-period
integral_0^(i π) e^x dx = -2